<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-graded="True" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-course-id="course-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4" data-request-token="90554064339b11f0a0da0e526f83b440" data-runtime-version="1" data-usage-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@vertical+block@eff7e1bb80074791884ad198b08f7b21" data-block-type="vertical"> <h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">4.1 Cultural objects descriptions: the positionality of cultural institutions</h2> <div class="vert-mod"> <div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@html+block@b9b8484e565f47c8bf64b3b210fc1b59"> <div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlModule" data-graded="True" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-block-type="html" data-request-token="90554064339b11f0a0da0e526f83b440" data-runtime-version="1" data-usage-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@html+block@b9b8484e565f47c8bf64b3b210fc1b59" data-type="HTMLModule" data-course-id="course-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4"> <script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args"> {"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"} </script> <p>Archives, libraries and museums have been housing collections of cultural heritage for centuries. During this long period, cultural objects have not only been inventoried, catalogued, described, and valorised by cultural institutions, but have also been endowed with meanings and functions that have contributed to their definition and perception. These meanings and functions are always characterised by positionality: they are an inevitable expression of a constellation of socio-historical dynamics, cultural backgrounds and belief systems.</p> <p>Even when institutions claim and assume to be neutral and objective, their perspective is always shaped by the ideology and hegemonic values of a particular society at a particular moment in time. This explains why words and images that are not considered offensive at one point in time may be perceived very differently by users at a later time or by a different group or community.</p> <p>This questioning of assumed, self-evident neutrality in the twentieth century arose in the wake of a growing awareness that discrimination is often accompanied and sustained by widespread linguistic bias against certain groups. The first major axes of difference in power and status to be discussed were class, race and gender. This coincided with the rise of global emancipatory and/or political struggles such as socialism, communism, anti-fascism, decolonisation, civil rights movements and feminism. Moreover, other axes of discrimination have been identified, such as sexuality, ethnicity, age, (dis)ability and religion.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div>

<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-graded="True" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-course-id="course-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4" data-request-token="90554064339b11f0a0da0e526f83b440" data-runtime-version="1" data-usage-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@vertical+block@1eb3eacf0e774637acb6570e42599950" data-block-type="vertical"> <h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">4.1.1 The constant change of words and terms in time</h2> <div class="vert-mod"> <div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@html+block@924ebad0fca44886a316802a426369e1"> <div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlModule" data-graded="True" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-block-type="html" data-request-token="90554064339b11f0a0da0e526f83b440" data-runtime-version="1" data-usage-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@html+block@924ebad0fca44886a316802a426369e1" data-type="HTMLModule" data-course-id="course-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4"> <script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args"> {"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"} </script> <p>Sensitivity and attention to the offensive power of certain words and terms are an important part of raising awareness and have led to the replacement of certain terms. However, as language and power dynamics are living things, they are also subject to constant change. What is considered neutral in one period, such as "Eskimo" or "handicapped", may be considered biased in another. Conversely, terms that were once considered derogatory may later be adopted or re-appropriated by the affected communities themselves or terms considered derogatory in one country can be perceived in a different way in another country, whether that is in a translated version of such terms or in adopting foreign language terms into one&rsquo;s own language.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div>

<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-graded="True" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-course-id="course-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4" data-request-token="90554064339b11f0a0da0e526f83b440" data-runtime-version="1" data-usage-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@vertical+block@88b90f7854ee4acb98d475f7d5a17c6a" data-block-type="vertical"> <h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">4.1.2 Intentionality, historicity and silence of metadata</h2> <div class="vert-mod"> <div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@html+block@7b31faccf5bb445db10965121143b31b"> <div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlModule" data-graded="True" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-block-type="html" data-request-token="90554064339b11f0a0da0e526f83b440" data-runtime-version="1" data-usage-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@html+block@7b31faccf5bb445db10965121143b31b" data-type="HTMLModule" data-course-id="course-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4"> <script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args"> {"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"} </script> <p>Sometimes, looking at existing cultural heritage collections and their metadata, we may be surprised by the bias encapsulated in the language used, deriving from assumptions, stereotypes, outdated concepts, inappropriate terms.</p> <p>Bias can be:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Intentional</strong>: for example in humour that relies on derogatory or inappropriate terminology from the first stage of image and title production.</li> <li><strong>Unintentional</strong>: when terms had a more neutral connotation at the time of cataloguing and metadata production.</li> </ul> <p>Another issue can be qualified in terms of historicity: what processes have descriptions of cultural objects gone through? In most cases the full documentation trail is unknown.</p> <p>Moreover, in some cases the bias lies in the silence of metadata: the descriptive elements are (un)consciously ignored, by tradition or intention.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div>

<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-graded="True" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-course-id="course-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4" data-request-token="90554064339b11f0a0da0e526f83b440" data-runtime-version="1" data-usage-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@vertical+block@0f01885cdbb6418097484ac6a42ceb9f" data-block-type="vertical"> <h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">4.2 How to find bias</h2> <div class="vert-mod"> <div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@html+block@07dd1f14f3644fcea8e92649a4cc8223"> <div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlModule" data-graded="True" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-block-type="html" data-request-token="90554064339b11f0a0da0e526f83b440" data-runtime-version="1" data-usage-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@html+block@07dd1f14f3644fcea8e92649a4cc8223" data-type="HTMLModule" data-course-id="course-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4"> <script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args"> {"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"} </script> <p>It is not always easy to find a bias, especially in its more subtle forms. You can try different ways:</p> <ol> <li>Carefully identify, if feasible, the context of a collection in order to reconstruct the history of the metadata;&nbsp;</li> <li>Identify the different sources and components that are present in a collection.</li> </ol> <p>Be aware that the bias can occur at different levels:</p> <ul> <li>The <strong>linguistic level</strong> (metadata): the words used to describe an object in a collection (both the title and the description);</li> <li>The <strong>visual level</strong>: the representation and images of an object or the object itself;</li> <li>the <strong>relationship between the linguistic and visual levels</strong>, for example in terms of negationism, when certain elements in a picture are ignored, negated or not mentioned.</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div>

<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-graded="True" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-course-id="course-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4" data-request-token="90554064339b11f0a0da0e526f83b440" data-runtime-version="1" data-usage-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@vertical+block@46d6ad4c7aa7411eafd862dd80cf694d" data-block-type="vertical"> <h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">4.2.1 List and glossaries of bias</h2> <div class="vert-mod"> <div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@html+block@a86bad359db24e528d59dbd2a50089cc"> <div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlModule" data-graded="True" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-block-type="html" data-request-token="90554064339b11f0a0da0e526f83b440" data-runtime-version="1" data-usage-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@html+block@a86bad359db24e528d59dbd2a50089cc" data-type="HTMLModule" data-course-id="course-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4"> <script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args"> {"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"} </script> <p>Various lists of bias are already circulating and widely recognised in policy making. The following only represents a small selection:</p> <ul> <li><strong><a href="https://amsterdam.wereldmuseum.nl/en/about-wereldmuseum-amsterdam/research/words-matter-publication" target="_blank">Words Matter</a></strong>&nbsp;is an annotated glossary published as part of a metadata project at Museum Wereldculturen in Amsterdam in 2016. Four museums contributed to the dialogue about word use in the museum, explaining that the description of an object has just as much meaning as the object itself. This can help us understand why a word that has no connotations for one person is particularly sensitive to another. The glossary, available in Dutch and English, provides insights and alternatives. For each term, history, uses and possible sensitivities are described and followed by suggestions of alternative terms.</li> <li><strong><a href="https://homosaurus.org/" target="_blank">Homosaurus</a></strong>, is an international linked data vocabulary of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer (LGBTQ) terms. It is "intended to function as a companion to broad subject term vocabularies, such as the Library of Congress Subject Headings. Libraries, archives, museums, and other institutions are encouraged to use the Homosaurus to support LGBTQ research by enhancing the discoverability of their LGBTQ resources".</li> <li><strong>The DE-BIAS vocabulary</strong>&nbsp;(<strong><a href="/assets/courseware/v1/1426ca10cd4a5bbb645226cd7c178abb/asset-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@asset+block/DE-BIAS_Vocabulary_EN.pdf" target="_blank">English</a>,&nbsp;<a href="/assets/courseware/v1/f1c5c0ea29841622c00f3631673de923/asset-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@asset+block/DE-BIAS_Vocabulary_DE.pdf" target="_blank">German</a>,&nbsp;<a href="/assets/courseware/v1/4f7fd609d8e2d53f321ef0aa6c132938/asset-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@asset+block/DE-BIAS_Vocabulary_IT.pdf" target="_blank">Italian</a>,&nbsp;<a href="/assets/courseware/v1/08927ff18dced8ec28ab910f664f2160/asset-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@asset+block/DE-BIAS_Vocabulary_NL.pdf" target="_blank">Dutch</a>)</strong> has been created within the DE-BIAS project. It focuses on three themes (migration and colonial history; gender and sexual identity; ethnicity and ethno-religious identity), but also covers other categories of bias. It builds on existing vocabularies like the two mentioned above and on academic research and has been developed in collaboration with affected marginalised communities by giving them the space and agency to change the way that cultural artefacts have previously been described due to outdated colonial, patriarchal and hegemonic structures. The vocabulary is composed of more than 600 terms in Dutch, English, French, German, and Italian.</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div>

<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-graded="True" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-course-id="course-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4" data-request-token="90554064339b11f0a0da0e526f83b440" data-runtime-version="1" data-usage-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@vertical+block@007f6d9c7976445f9261cefa9751c3ab" data-block-type="vertical"> <h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">4.2.2 Linguistic misrepresentations</h2> <div class="vert-mod"> <div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@html+block@b874bb14512746b68414f4d2d2bf84e2"> <div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlModule" data-graded="True" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-block-type="html" data-request-token="90554064339b11f0a0da0e526f83b440" data-runtime-version="1" data-usage-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@html+block@b874bb14512746b68414f4d2d2bf84e2" data-type="HTMLModule" data-course-id="course-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4"> <script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args"> {"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"} </script> <p>There are different types of bias at play, representing different degrees of misrepresentation at the linguistic level. Here a selection of types, extracted by the classification proposed by the DE-BIAS project:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Misappropriation</strong>: when a community-related term is used by non-community members (e.g. "Butch" or "Femme");</li> <li><strong>Stereotypes</strong>: assignment of a rigid set of characteristics to a group not taking into consideration the characteristics and differences of individual members of the group (e.g. "Aboriginal");</li> <li><strong>Outdated expressions</strong>: Expressions that are considered harmless and neutral in one era may later be considered inappropriate (e.g. "handicapped" or the colonial name "Bombay" for Mumbai);</li> <li><strong>Derogatory language</strong>: the deliberate expression of a low opinion of someone or something. In this case terms are used to insult, demean or belittle with the intention of showing contempt or disrespect (e.g. racial slurs, nicknames etc.);</li> <li><strong>Diminutive language</strong>: using words that indicate a small size, degree or intensity (e.g. suffixes like "-ie" or "-y" or terms like "little", "wee", "poor");</li> <li><strong>Euphemisms</strong>: terms or expressions used to replace words that are deemed offensive or socially unacceptable or to mask harmful intentions (e.g. "Kristallnacht" or "Night of Broken Glass" instead of "November pogroms");</li> <li><strong>Fragmentation</strong>: minoritised communities being singled out and isolated from other cultural communities and/or 'mainstream' contexts (e.g. when an individual depicted is indicated as "traditional healer");</li> <li><strong>Omission/erasure, selectivity and distortion</strong>: choosing a particular perspective distorts the situation or views (e.g. metadata for historical colonial collections contributed by European male authors).</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div>

<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-graded="True" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-course-id="course-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4" data-request-token="90554064339b11f0a0da0e526f83b440" data-runtime-version="1" data-usage-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@vertical+block@b952bb45774b44549c189377ac6a232e" data-block-type="vertical"> <h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">4.2.3. Exercise 9: Linguistic misrepresentation</h2> <div class="vert-mod"> <div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@drag-and-drop-v2+block@2cf9119edab040e9b2c721ecb2c446c2"> <div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-drag-and-drop-v2" data-graded="True" data-has-score="True" data-course-id="course-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4" data-request-token="90554064339b11f0a0da0e526f83b440" data-usage-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@drag-and-drop-v2+block@2cf9119edab040e9b2c721ecb2c446c2" data-block-type="drag-and-drop-v2"> <div class="page-banner"><div class="alert alert-warning"><span class="icon icon-alert fa fa fa-warning" aria-hidden="true"></span><div class="message-content">Drag and Drop is only accessible to enrolled learners. Sign in or register, and enroll in this course to view it.</div></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="vert vert-1" data-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@html+block@e28092f3f3de4bce9f70cfdcca95d0b7"> <div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlModule" data-graded="True" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-block-type="html" data-request-token="90554064339b11f0a0da0e526f83b440" data-runtime-version="1" data-usage-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@html+block@e28092f3f3de4bce9f70cfdcca95d0b7" data-type="HTMLModule" data-course-id="course-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4"> <script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args"> {"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"} </script> <p>Images from left to right:</p> <p><em>Neegritar ja neeger di Obermann, Erik (autor) - 1908 - Tartu Art Museum, Estonia - <a href="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/" target="_blank">CC0</a>. <a href="https://www.europeana.eu/it/item/401/item_3MXN2SB75COQQ24SAKUNFLSZ5BCFXKCD" target="_blank">https://www.europeana.eu/it/item/401/item_3MXN2SB75COQQ24SAKUNFLSZ5BCFXKCD</a></em></p> <p><em>Die kleine Freundin di Ludwig Gutmann, Wien (Fotograf/Urheber/in) - 1911 - Theater Museum Vienna, Austria - <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY-NC-SA</a>. <a href="https://www.europeana.eu/it/item/15503/FS_PSG171614alt" target="_blank">https://www.europeana.eu/it/item/15503/FS_PSG171614alt</a></em></p> <p><em>Granada: Gypsy woman, author unknowm, German Documentation Center for Art History - Marburg Picture Index, <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/" target="_blank">in copyright</a>. <a href="https://www.europeana.eu/it/item/199/item_76SZCPIQXBQUXMWXLZHGK3I4MICZVTQ4" target="_blank">https://www.europeana.eu/it/item/199/item_76SZCPIQXBQUXMWXLZHGK3I4MICZVTQ4</a></em></p> <p><em>Veddah. Bintenne-Distrikt. "Nicht reine Rasse." - 1886 - Ethnological Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Germany - <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/" target="_blank">CC BY-NC-SA</a>.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.europeana.eu/it/item/2064108/Museu_ProvidedCHO_Ethnologisches_Museum__Staatliche_Museen_zu_Berlin_DE_MUS_019118_1428413" target="_blank">https://www.europeana.eu/it/item/2064108/Museu_ProvidedCHO_Ethnologisches_Museum__Staatliche_Museen_zu_Berlin_DE_MUS_019118_1428413</a></em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div>

<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-graded="True" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-course-id="course-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4" data-request-token="90554064339b11f0a0da0e526f83b440" data-runtime-version="1" data-usage-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@vertical+block@6092fd3f00f746ffbf76b54b44cfdb5d" data-block-type="vertical"> <h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">4.2.4 Biases at the visual level</h2> <div class="vert-mod"> <div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@html+block@5f87bf157d0d45e8894d54948a6a25e6"> <div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlModule" data-graded="True" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-block-type="html" data-request-token="90554064339b11f0a0da0e526f83b440" data-runtime-version="1" data-usage-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@html+block@5f87bf157d0d45e8894d54948a6a25e6" data-type="HTMLModule" data-course-id="course-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4"> <script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args"> {"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"} </script> <p>The visual level has to do with what can be seen in an image. Here we can identify bias in the selection of what is depicted and how something is depicted:</p> <ul> <li>In terms of <strong>subject matters</strong> (a person, an object or a scene), factors such as selection and framing can be considered (e.g. the presence of stereotypes or visual exaggeration of certain characteristics);</li> <li>In terms of <strong>composition</strong>, the relationship between the background and the foreground, or edge and centre, or use of light, colour and size.</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div>

<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-graded="True" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-course-id="course-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4" data-request-token="90554064339b11f0a0da0e526f83b440" data-runtime-version="1" data-usage-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@vertical+block@3832ad69db7543e2a6a57692dabd479b" data-block-type="vertical"> <h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">4.2.5 Exercise 10: Linguistic or visual</h2> <div class="vert-mod"> <div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@drag-and-drop-v2+block@3641380d7dfe42cc819cd01ec7c44bcc"> <div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-drag-and-drop-v2" data-graded="True" data-has-score="True" data-course-id="course-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4" data-request-token="90554064339b11f0a0da0e526f83b440" data-usage-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@drag-and-drop-v2+block@3641380d7dfe42cc819cd01ec7c44bcc" data-block-type="drag-and-drop-v2"> <div class="page-banner"><div class="alert alert-warning"><span class="icon icon-alert fa fa fa-warning" aria-hidden="true"></span><div class="message-content">Drag and Drop is only accessible to enrolled learners. Sign in or register, and enroll in this course to view it.</div></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="vert vert-1" data-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@html+block@d0f5255c92eb448cac886e8027f56536"> <div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlModule" data-graded="True" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-block-type="html" data-request-token="90554064339b11f0a0da0e526f83b440" data-runtime-version="1" data-usage-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@html+block@d0f5255c92eb448cac886e8027f56536" data-type="HTMLModule" data-course-id="course-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4"> <script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args"> {"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"} </script> <p>Images from left to right:</p> <p><em>The Gipsy di Cornelis Visscher (Stecher_in) - Albertina, Austria - <a href="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/" target="_blank">Public Domain</a>.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.europeana.eu/item/15508/H_I_62_21" target="_blank">https://www.europeana.eu/item/15508/H_I_62_21</a></em></p> <p><em>Witch doctor of darkest Africa &amp; his house of fear - Wellcome Collection, United Kingdom - <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY</a>.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.europeana.eu/item/9200579/avuc4wvw" target="_blank">https://www.europeana.eu/item/9200579/avuc4wvw</a></em></p> <p><em>fotografi, photograph - Museum of World Culture, Sweden - <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY-NC-ND</a>.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.europeana.eu/item/91609/SMVK_VKM_fotografi_112944" target="_blank">https://www.europeana.eu/item/91609/SMVK_VKM_fotografi_112944</a></em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div>

<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-graded="True" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-course-id="course-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4" data-request-token="90554064339b11f0a0da0e526f83b440" data-runtime-version="1" data-usage-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@vertical+block@deffc47d1a454edab66f5c2402591c82" data-block-type="vertical"> <h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">4.3 The complexity of bias</h2> <div class="vert-mod"> <div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@html+block@566670ecf62044bdb643da3ac2c28d6d"> <div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlModule" data-graded="True" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-block-type="html" data-request-token="90554064339b11f0a0da0e526f83b440" data-runtime-version="1" data-usage-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@html+block@566670ecf62044bdb643da3ac2c28d6d" data-type="HTMLModule" data-course-id="course-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4"> <script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args"> {"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"} </script> <p>As we have seen, identifying and acknowledging the precise location of bias can already help in addressing potentially harmful terms appropriately, depending on the stage or level of the documentation process to which the bias is tied. In any way, it is crucial to understand the cultural, social and historical nature of bias in heritage collections and to recognise that bias is rarely one-dimensional.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div>

<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-graded="True" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-course-id="course-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4" data-request-token="90554064339b11f0a0da0e526f83b440" data-runtime-version="1" data-usage-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@vertical+block@48a32c03878b478694371a605153cf19" data-block-type="vertical"> <h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">4.3.1 The theory of intersectionality</h2> <div class="vert-mod"> <div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@html+block@fa399d06105e4fa18c0d942056de71bd"> <div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlModule" data-graded="True" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-block-type="html" data-request-token="90554064339b11f0a0da0e526f83b440" data-runtime-version="1" data-usage-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@html+block@fa399d06105e4fa18c0d942056de71bd" data-type="HTMLModule" data-course-id="course-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4"> <script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args"> {"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"} </script> <p>This theory, formulated by the American civil rights advocate <strong>Kimberl&eacute; William Crenshaw</strong> (1959- ), states that intersectionality represents the interaction and cumulative effects of multiple forms of discrimination affecting the daily lives of individuals, particularly women of colour. The neologism was coined in her essays <em>Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Anti-discrimination Doctrine Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics</em> (1989).</p> <p>Crenshaw&rsquo;s goal was to help explain the oppression of African-American women. According to her, African-American women and other women of colour who experience overlapping forms of discrimination are left with no justice because anti-discrimination laws treat gender and race separately. Rather, the specificity of the experience should be seen as an intersection of race, gender, but also class, sexuality and age.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div>

<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-graded="True" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-course-id="course-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4" data-request-token="90554064339b11f0a0da0e526f83b440" data-runtime-version="1" data-usage-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@vertical+block@b0166dd806b347339633197d46c07bd6" data-block-type="vertical"> <h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">4.3.2 The DE-BIAS Matrix of bias</h2> <div class="vert-mod"> <div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@html+block@4c5fc12f2eb342e0bd42ee19ea421175"> <div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlModule" data-graded="True" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-block-type="html" data-request-token="90554064339b11f0a0da0e526f83b440" data-runtime-version="1" data-usage-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@html+block@4c5fc12f2eb342e0bd42ee19ea421175" data-type="HTMLModule" data-course-id="course-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4"> <script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args"> {"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"} </script> <p>Inspired by the theory of intersectionality the DE-BIAS project developed a fine-grained matrix useful to support the identification of bias in metadata, while at the same time stimulating reflection on the complexity of bias, which is both temporal, localised and intersectional.</p> <p>The parameters identified are the following:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Race</strong>: a set of physical categories used to define groups of people, with the Caucasian position as the norm in many European collections, and subsequently to associate a people with inferiority or even inhumanity.</li> <li><strong>Gender</strong>: classification of people according to the binary opposition of male/female and stereotypical characteristics associated with normative masculinity or femininity, with masculinity being the dominant gender position in patriarchal societies.</li> <li><strong>Class</strong>: Hierarchical determination of individuals according to their position in society and the capital. The most common division, from the position of maximum power to the position of maximum subordination, is that of the ruling classes or elites (nobility, religious and political leaders, the (upper and lower) middle class(es) and the working class). Newer categories that have been added are the precariat (people in precarious economic or social conditions).</li> <li><strong>Religion</strong>: Identification of people as belonging to a religious group, according to a hierarchy in which a particular religion, e.g. Christianity, is seen as dominant and (implicitly) taken as the norm, and other religions are seen as inferior, barbaric or pagan.</li> <li><strong>Ethnicity</strong>: the identification of groups of people based on geographical location and/or culture (language and customs).</li> <li><strong>Sexuality</strong>: Classification of people according to their sexual preferences and practices as related to their identity, with adult heterosexuality as the norm.</li> <li><strong>(Dis)ability</strong>: Classifications based on physical and/or mental deviation from a norm of health or ability.</li> <li><strong>Age</strong>: Axis of classification of persons according to a division from child to adolescent, adult, middle age and old age, with adulthood as the norm.</li> <li><strong>Civilisation</strong>: The classification according to a perceived level of education and culture, with European culture as the norm.</li> <li><strong>Geography</strong>: Bias in the representation of geographical locations and centres of power, with both the West and the North seen as dominant, as opposed to the South or the East. In addition, the distinction between nature and culture (city) can be fraught with bias.</li> <li><strong>Temporality</strong>: The representation of historical periods and the distinction between modernity and primitivism.</li> <li><strong>Gaze (positionality)</strong>: The specific form of bias related to who or what is the object of the gaze and who is the beholder.</li> </ul> <p></p> </div> </div> </div> </div>

<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-graded="True" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-course-id="course-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4" data-request-token="90554064339b11f0a0da0e526f83b440" data-runtime-version="1" data-usage-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@vertical+block@97b2db237a4f4e2f8f35e708b6e20529" data-block-type="vertical"> <h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">4.3.3 From understanding to application: the Wheel of Bias</h2> <div class="vert-mod"> <div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@html+block@a59781deaff946349296ad9ca0a06916"> <div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlModule" data-graded="True" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-block-type="html" data-request-token="90554064339b11f0a0da0e526f83b440" data-runtime-version="1" data-usage-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@html+block@a59781deaff946349296ad9ca0a06916" data-type="HTMLModule" data-course-id="course-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4"> <script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args"> {"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"} </script> <p>KU Leuven&rsquo;s research team, within the DE-BIAS project, has developed a visual based on the above mentioned categories to assist collection holders and users in assessing and interpreting the problematic/sensitive nature of particular collections, specific objects and specific terms.</p> <p>This visual, named the <em>Wheel of Bias</em>, is used as workshop material in community work as well as in capacity building events. Using coloured pencils on the white background graph or by adding markers to specific zones of the coloured graph &ndash; showing vertical sections according to categories of bias and circle layers to represent the severity or frequency of the bias found &ndash; cultural heritage institutions and other stakeholders will be able to gain insights into issues of problematic language use.</p> <p><img height="279" width="300" src="/assets/courseware/v1/4ae781741dde4d2d0f45e9c81b0609fe/asset-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@asset+block/WheelOfBias_empty.png" alt="Wheel of Bias" /><img height="282" width="300" src="/assets/courseware/v1/4ad8a63595a40925cf7ebc96eba0783a/asset-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@asset+block/image2.png" alt="Wheel of Bias" /></p> <p><em>Wheel of Bias by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.arts.kuleuven.be/digitglam" target="_blank">DigitGLAM</a> (KU Leuven), <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">CC-BY-SA 4.0</a>.&nbsp;<a href="/assets/courseware/v1/4ae781741dde4d2d0f45e9c81b0609fe/asset-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@asset+block/WheelOfBias_empty.png" target="_blank">Open in a new window.</a></em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div>

<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-graded="True" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-course-id="course-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4" data-request-token="90554064339b11f0a0da0e526f83b440" data-runtime-version="1" data-usage-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@vertical+block@3d5ec251e13e49e99eaef3cafc1bf51b" data-block-type="vertical"> <h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">4.3.4 An example application of the Wheel of Bias</h2> <div class="vert-mod"> <div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@html+block@efbe8be7db5d49ffbb5a538e0979b8f1"> <div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlModule" data-graded="True" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-block-type="html" data-request-token="90554064339b11f0a0da0e526f83b440" data-runtime-version="1" data-usage-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@html+block@efbe8be7db5d49ffbb5a538e0979b8f1" data-type="HTMLModule" data-course-id="course-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4"> <script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args"> {"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"} </script> <p>In order to show you a concrete application of the Wheel of Bias, you can find three images with an example of intersection of biases for each below.</p> <p><img height="450" width="300" src="/assets/courseware/v1/dc003457dc928f97726351bb4598b866/asset-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@asset+block/image33.jpg" alt="BiasWheel_1" />&nbsp;<img height="297" width="300" src="/assets/courseware/v1/22cfeef40d24d2c2923bd54f9a719715/asset-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@asset+block/image3.png" alt="BiasWheel_1B" /></p> <p><span style="color: #999999;"><em>Destroyed Jewish stores in Magdeburg on the day after the Kristallnacht November Pogrom (Kristallnacht) - 1938 - Leo Baeck Institute, Center for Jewish History, United States of America -<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/" target="_blank"> In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted</a>.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.europeana.eu/item/09312/862765" target="_blank">https://www.europeana.eu/item/09312/862765</a></em></span></p> <hr /> <p><img height="197" width="300" src="/assets/courseware/v1/785d2c3ce093d234118f92c2be89c3ae/asset-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@asset+block/image17.jpg" alt="BiasWheel_2" />&nbsp;<img height="292" width="300" src="/assets/courseware/v1/9b75cab52e096f72da051ccaada03637/asset-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@asset+block/image8.png" alt="BiasWheel_2B" /></p> <p><em><span style="color: #999999;">Primitive Instruments used in West Africa, Borneo, etc. - Wellcome Collection, United Kingdom - <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY</a>.&nbsp;</span><a href="https://www.europeana.eu/item/9200579/hnbbhjct" target="_blank">https://www.europeana.eu/item/9200579/hnbbhjct</a></em></p> <hr /> <p></p> <p><img height="422" width="300" src="/assets/courseware/v1/787e9633ed90b9d093b06e3faa04e276/asset-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@asset+block/image24.jpg" alt="BiasWheel_3" />&nbsp;<img height="297" width="300" src="/assets/courseware/v1/77e59775452cf819b4c13ff85e1c847d/asset-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@asset+block/image21.png" alt="BiasWheel_3B" /></p> <p><span style="color: #999999;"><em>Jack Edwards (Johnny the Dwarf), Narberth] by Thomas, John 1838-1905 - National Library of Wales, United Kingdom - <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/" target="_blank">CC BY-NC-SA</a>.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.europeana.eu/item/9200118/6F40A4E261241071E2C08B966098E567BB7C02D0" target="_blank">https://www.europeana.eu/item/9200118/6F40A4E261241071E2C08B966098E567BB7C02D0</a></em></span></p> <p></p> <hr /> <p><strong>Note:</strong> These wheels are illustrating examples created for the purpose of the next exercise. The marking of the wheel is subjective and may vary from person to person, depending on their sensitivity, age, nationality, cultural background and belonging, etc. Nevertheless, the wheel of bias proves to be an excellent tool to stimulate reflection on bias both on an individual level and in workshops where it helps initiating the conversation between the participants.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div>

<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-graded="True" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-course-id="course-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4" data-request-token="90554064339b11f0a0da0e526f83b440" data-runtime-version="1" data-usage-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@vertical+block@6b8c37ec4c0047598a87e24ea98520d4" data-block-type="vertical"> <h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">4.3.5 Exercise 11: Applying the Wheel of Bias</h2> <div class="vert-mod"> <div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@html+block@8590597a53214cf994ca99b44236d381"> <div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlModule" data-graded="True" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-block-type="html" data-request-token="90554064339b11f0a0da0e526f83b440" data-runtime-version="1" data-usage-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@html+block@8590597a53214cf994ca99b44236d381" data-type="HTMLModule" data-course-id="course-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4"> <script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args"> {"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"} </script> <p>Train yourself in using the Wheel of Bias. <a href="/assets/courseware/v1/4ae781741dde4d2d0f45e9c81b0609fe/asset-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@asset+block/WheelOfBias_empty.png" target="_blank">Download it</a>, look at these four images and mark one wheel per each image. First, place markers in each section of the wheel that represents a bias category that you consider being present in the image and/or its descriptive information. Then move the marker towards the centre of the wheel if the bias is subtle or towards the border of the wheel if the bias is very obvious.</p> <p>You can also choose other images <a href="https://www.europeana.eu/en/galleries/13682" target="_blank">from this gallery</a>, including a selection of images from Europeana.eu. This exercise is not graded.</p> <hr /> <p>Image 1</p> <p><img height="532" width="256" src="/assets/courseware/v1/ffad8b1ab065d17c0b8eea1fa163c913/asset-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@asset+block/image11.png" alt="WheelExercise_1" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><em><span style="color: #999999;">Une beaut&eacute; congolaise de la province d'Equateur : [photographie de presse] / Agence Mondial by Agence de presse Mondial Photo-Presse. Agence photographique - 1932 - National Library of France, France -&nbsp;<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-OKLR/1.0/" target="_blank">No Copyright - Other Known Legal Restrictions.</a>&nbsp;<br /><a href="https://www.europeana.eu/item/9200518/ark__12148_btv1b9049581c" target="_blank">https://www.europeana.eu/item/9200518/ark__12148_btv1b9049581c</a></span></em></p> <hr /> <p>Image 2</p> <p><img height="536" width="338" src="/assets/courseware/v1/317c8d1c7df60c588bb7e876c9f49933/asset-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@asset+block/image18.png" alt="WheelExercise_2" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #999999;"><em>An Emancipated Negro, Royal Museums Greenwich,<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/" target="_blank"> In Copyright.</a>&nbsp;<br /><a href="https://www.europeana.eu/it/item/2022362/_Royal_Museums_Greenwich__http___collections_rmg_co_uk_collections_objects_254930" target="_blank">https://www.europeana.eu/it/item/2022362/_Royal_Museums_Greenwich__http___collections_rmg_co_uk_collections_objects_254930</a></em></span></p> <hr /> <p>Image 3</p> <p><img height="464" width="219" src="/assets/courseware/v1/70ca8fba211ce4dea61dfea3838c665f/asset-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@asset+block/image22.png" alt="WheelExercise_3" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #999999;"><em>Statue repr&eacute;sentant un homme primitif taillant une statuette d'&eacute;l&eacute;phant, Ministry of Culture, <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/" target="_blank">In Copyright.</a>&nbsp;<br /><a href="https://www.europeana.eu/it/item/03919/public_mistral_joconde_fr_ACTION_CHERCHER_FIELD_1_REF_VALUE_1_50350132317" target="_blank">https://www.europeana.eu/it/item/03919/public_mistral_joconde_fr_ACTION_CHERCHER_FIELD_1_REF_VALUE_1_50350132317</a></em></span></p> <hr /> <p>Image 4</p> <p><img height="365" width="254" src="/assets/courseware/v1/30720172cdfa3b3e8659d4dfa394128b/asset-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@asset+block/image25.png" alt="WheelExercise_4" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #999999;"><em>Roma, Roma by unknown - TopFoto, United Kingdom -&nbsp;<a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/" target="_blank">In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted.<br /></a></em></span><em>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.europeana.eu/en/item/2024904/www_topfoto_co_uk_Europeana_WEAVE_2002202_jpg" target="_blank">https://www.europeana.eu/item/2024904/www_topfoto_co_uk_Europeana_WEAVE_2002202_jpg</a></em></p> </div> </div> </div> </div>

<div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-vertical" data-graded="True" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-init="VerticalStudentView" data-course-id="course-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4" data-request-token="90554064339b11f0a0da0e526f83b440" data-runtime-version="1" data-usage-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@vertical+block@39f25ee2527942b58a103130a97f41c3" data-block-type="vertical"> <h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">4.3.6 In depth</h2> <div class="vert-mod"> <div class="vert vert-0" data-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@html+block@9f9f4461c9cb4e8191308e8be5669d2d"> <div class="xblock xblock-public_view xblock-public_view-html xmodule_display xmodule_HtmlModule" data-graded="True" data-has-score="False" data-runtime-class="LmsRuntime" data-init="XBlockToXModuleShim" data-block-type="html" data-request-token="90554064339b11f0a0da0e526f83b440" data-runtime-version="1" data-usage-id="block-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4+type@html+block@9f9f4461c9cb4e8191308e8be5669d2d" data-type="HTMLModule" data-course-id="course-v1:europeana+BIAS_01+2024Q4"> <script type="json/xblock-args" class="xblock-json-init-args"> {"xmodule-type": "HTMLModule"} </script> <p>If you want to know more about the topic of this chapter, please read: <em><a href="https://pro.europeana.eu/files/Europeana_Professional/Projects/debias/DE-BIAS_D2.1_TypologyAndVocabulary_v1.pdf" target="_blank">DE-BIAS. D2.1 Report on research into bias types and patterns, including a typology applied to Europeana use cases and a vocabulary co-created with communities</a></em>, 31 December 2023.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div>